Functions of hormones in the female reproductive cycle

1.      During a normal menstrual cycle the hypothalamus (via GnRH release) triggers the anterior pituitary to release the gonadotropins _____ and _____.

a)      Testosterone and inhibin

b)     FSH and LH

c)      FSH and TSH

d)     LH and TSH

e)      CRH and GH

2.      FSH works to stimulate

a)      The maturation of the follicle

b)     The fertilization

c)      The implantation

d)     The degeneration of the corpus luteum

3.      As it develops, the follicle secretes

a)      Insulin and glucagon

b)     Estrogen (and some progesterone)

c)      Human chorionic gonadotropin

d)     Luteinizing hormone

4.      What occurs after the anterior pituitary releases a surge of stored LH

a)      Ovulation

b)     Implantation

c)      Fertilization

d)     A miscarriage

e)      The placenta develops

5.      The remnants of the follicle remain in the ovary, and are now called the _______________.

a)      Corpus albicans

b)     Morula

c)      Zygote

d)     Embryo

e)      Fetus

f)       Corpus luteum

g)      Placenta

6.      The corpus luteum secretes

a)      Lots of estrogen (and some progesterone)  

b)     Lots of progesterone (and some estrogen)

c)      Only progesterone

d)     Insulin

e)      LH and FSH

7.      If the ovum is NOT fertilized the corpus luteum degenerates into the ___________, and release of estrogens decreases.

a)      Embryo

b)     Fetus

c)      Corpus albicans

d)     Follicle

e)      Placenta

8.      Decline in estrogens causes the sloughing off of the endometrium.  This sloughing off is called

a)      Implantation

b)     Fertilization

c)      Menses

d)     Pregnancy

e)      Ectopic pregnancy

Functions of the kidneys

1.      What is NOT a function of the kidneys

a)      Erythropoietin production

b)     Renin production

c)      Vitamin D activation

d)     Removing wastes

e)      pH regulation

f)       Water balance

g)      Angiotensin activation

2.      What could explain that patients with renal failure develop anemia?

a)      The kidneys destroy red blood cells

b)     The kidneys don’t produce enough red blood cells

c)      The kidneys break down hemoglobin

d)     None of the above

The kidneys fail to produce erythropoietin.

3.      The normal pH balance of blood plasma is approximately 7.4. If it falls below 7.35, a state of acidosis exists and if it rises above 7.45, a state of alkalosis exists. If a patient has a blood pH of 7.21, what do you think the kidneys will do?

a)      Eliminate H ions

b)     Retain H ions

c)      Increase renin production

d)     Increase erythropoietin production

e)      The kidneys don’t work when pH is below 7.4

For more questions about pH regulation by the kidneys go to the section            Regulation of the blood pH by the kidneys

Processes involved in urine formation

1.      Given these parts of a nephron:

1.      Renal corpuscle

2.      Collecting duct

3.      Loop of Henle

4.      Distal tubule

5.      Proximal tubule

Arrange the parts in order as fluid flows from the filtration membrane through the nephron.

a)      1,5,3,4,2

b)     2,4,1,3,5

c)      2,1,4,5,3

d)     4,2,3,5,1

e)      5,1,3,4,2

2.      Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is called

a)      Filtration

b)     Excretion

c)      Secretion

d)     Reabsorption

e)      Absorption

3.      The movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries is called

a)      Filtration

b)     Secretion

c)      Excretion

d)     Reabsorption

e)      Absorption

4.      Which of these substances normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane?

a)      Hemoglobin

b)     Glucose

c)      Sodium

d)     Water

5.      Which of these conditions increases the amount of urine produced?

a)      ADH

b)     ANP

c)      Aldosterone

d)     Decreased blood pressure 

Portions of the male urethra

1.      What is the most proximal portion of the male urethra

a)          Spongy

b)          Membranous

c)           Prostatic

d)          Cavernous

2.      The most common site of bladder outlet obstruction

a)          Spongy urethra

b)          Membranous urethra

c)           Prostatic urethra

3.        The ________urethra is surrounded by the corpus spongiosum and forms the terminal conduit communicating with the outside of the body.

a)          Spongy

b)          Membranous

c)           Prostatic

4.      Urine is formed in the distal tubules of the nephron in the kidneys. It accumulates in the renal pelvis, and then travels down the ureters to the bladder. From the bladder it goes through the urethra to the outside. In men the urethra is divided in _prostatic, _membranous, and _spongy__ urethra from inside to outside.

Function of the different portions of the nephron

1.      Match the following

a)   Blood filtration, nonspecific filter (filters by size only; good and bad things filtered), removes BOTH useful and non-useful materials into filtrate.

b)   Sac that encloses glomerulus, transfers filtrate from glomerulus----> Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

c)   Reabsorbs most of the useful substances in the filtrate: Sodium, H2O, HCO3, glucose. Primary site of secretion of toxins, wastes and H+ ions.

d)   Permeable to H2O (water remains), impermeable to solutes(salts)(salt passes). "Saves water and passes salt"

e)   Impermeable to H2O(water passes), actively transports(reabsorbs) salts (NaCl)(salt stays)in the interstitial fluid of the Medulla; " Saves salt and passes water"

f)   If Aldosterone (hormone) is present, Na+ is reabsorbed, (Cl- and H2O follow Na+)

g)   Receives fluid from DCT, if antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present, collecting duct becomes porous to water. LAST CHANCE to SAVE WATER

__d__ Descending limb loop of Henle

__f__ Distal convoluted tubule

__e__ Ascending limb loop of Henle

__g__ Collecting duct

__c__ Proximal convoluted tubule

__b__ Bowman’s capsule

__a__ Glomerulus

Layers that hold the kidneys in place

1.      Of the layers of tissue that surround the kidney, which layer is continuous with the outer layer of the ureter?

a)      Renal capsule

b)     Renal fascia

c)      Adipose capsule

d)     Peritoneum

2.      The layer that holds the kidney in place within the abdominal cavity is called the

a)      Peritoneum

b)     Nephron

c)      Adipose capsule

d)     Renal capsule

3.      What of the following terms best describes the location of the kidneys

a)      Intracranial

b)     Retroperitoneal

c)      Intraperitoneal

d)      Pelvic

e)      Cervical

f)       Thoracic

g)      Cephalic 

Regulation of blood pH by the kidneys

1.         The kidneys control pH by adjusting the amount of HCO3 − that is ___________and the amount of H+ that is _____________.

a)      Excreted; reabsorbed

b)     Filtered; excreted

c)      Reabsorbed; excreted

d)     Synthetized; filtered

2.         HCO3 − reabsorption occurs mostly in the

a)      Loop of Henley

b)     Urinary ladder

c)      Distal tubule

d)     Proximal tubule

e)      Glomerulus

3.      The kidneys affect blood pH __________ than other buffering mechanisms in the body.

a)      More slowly

b)     Faster

c)      At the same rate

4.      The kidneys remove H⁺ if there is ________ acid in the body

a)      A deficit of

b)     An excess of

5.      The kidneys remove H⁺ if there is

a)      Low blood pH

b)     High blood pH

c)      Neutral blood pH

d)     Metabolic alkalosis

6.      The kidneys remove _________ if there is excess base in the body

a)      H⁺

b)     HCO₃^-

c)      Water

d)     Oxygen

e)      Sugar

7.      The kidneys work _______________ to regulate blood pH

a)      Alone

b)     Together with the lungs

c)      Together with the lungs and the buffer systems

d)     None is a possible answer